One influential thought is that advancement doesn’t necessarily let human beings feel happiness, rather it would make people feel unhappy because of the new wants development creates and the gap between those who got them and not(1). Primarily, it’s been said that one has desire for material possessions which doesn’t have a point where it ends(2). Wealth doesn’t necessarily lead to the happiness of people.

Besides the progress of civilisation and happiness of people, how much gap of wealth human beings can tolerate? Comparing people in former eras and in modern era, civilization developed and people seek more wealth in the capitalism of 21^st century, but it doesn’t necessarily let people feel happiness in their life.

If some are rich and others feel envious, those who feel envious towards certain people may feel less happiness in their life. How people are to find the happiness in their life matters. If people understand what makes him feel happy, for example refrain from excessive eating and know the enough amount of food needed per day and control, one would feel happy than requiring vast amount of food.

In the capitalism of the beginning of 21st century, it seek further profits. In order to maintain the high standards of life, people need to work harder causes stress. Requiring everyone to labour harder to maintain their living standard is a bit hard for them. The capitalism governs the wider aspects of society with the dominant use of statistics. The statistical penetrated into wider aspects resulted in the integration of societal rules with capitalism. It is not to completely deny the situation, but the problem is that most people are governed by the capitalist rule and not aware of others which may make happiness among them.

Highly civilized society has people’s intention in a lot of parts, that is partly why stress is more embedded in society. There is less uncultivated sphere in the world of 21^st century. It may be better to keep the sphere in practice that one takes the sphere temporary and removes their ownership, and others use them in another time. The digitalisation is to look at the tiny details in the world without removing their eyes.

What appeared in 18th century is the “population”(3). As for the concept of population and its statistics, it is worth looking at the history of census in the US. In order to assemble data in US census, Herman Hollerith had ideas in “devising a punch card system for surveyors to use”(4). It “consisted of a set of punch cards and associated readers that used spring-mounted needles to pass through the holes in each card, creating an electrical loop that advanced the reader’s tally for a particular hole location”(5). His business strategy of renting the machines instead of selling made success in their businesses with their clients, and this origin leads to the International Business Machines (IBM)(6).

Think of community of a nation-state, one can look at strong tie and weak tie in governance, the former is more likely to ignore the balancing of gain and loss among them. The tie could be strengthened and weakened by trust as such that the government works improperly in using their revenue from tax, it is harder for the citizenry to have trust in them and vice versa. When the country becomes dense in their population, society becomes complex as it is going to further be in the cross roads of different interests of different people. The decision making and use of publicly received tax revenue could become hard for citizens to imagine.

Not directly connecting the individuals with the state, but the intermediary is necessary. It is a matter of how an intermediary can connect the opinions of their persons with another if required and with the nation-state. The idea of opinion leader could be the one whose books the ones fanatically follow as fans, loosely saying. The resilience of a nation is how much layers it maintains between the nation and individuals. Government whose budget is limited is not able to provide what citizens need completely, they should focus on how communities can be robust by having subcommunities in it.

Individualness comes from where one is born, spent their life, their language, age. No one can be born in the totally same condition with others. That makes a difference, diversity. Nationalism comes from the intimate feeling towards where one is born, spent one’s time in, as nation-state has constraints on their movement beyond border. Even if not constraint of nation-state, physically one is not able to put himself in different places simultaneously. In a social class they are born, some feel comfortable compared with the other classes, how one behaves is different. People cannot be born in the totally same condition. In that sense, the equality of being the totally same is not possible, what should be cared is equality of fairness.

Democracy emphasises the participatory aspect of the public. Some people recognise that citizens should participate more in the political sphere. In voting, in fact many people leave their decisions to others and things are going without their participation of voting. Citizens’ having their right to vote is a necessary right in democracy, but the fact that it is given to citizens doesn’t guarantee the higher percentage of turnout in election.

In representative democracy, people vote for candidate, whose personality matters a lot though there are of course people care more about and vote for candidate based on their policies. Even if they vote for policies, whether it is going to be implemented or not is a doubtful aspect of politics. The aspect of party-politics is too strong that too much time is spent on which party is attracting people, for example, in media. Not the content of policies but political groups are focused. Voting has the impression of voting to a representative, not the issues directly although a representative’s policies are the important factors in deciding their choice. What we should care is the content of politics, such as what kind of policies are going to be implemented.

Governing the world by one stream of thoughts is to eliminate the choices available in people’s end. Not necessarily we have to encourage capitalism all over the world, but suitable economic systems should be implemented depending on regions. That could be expressed as plurality which can be applied to evaluation, standards put in practice in societies.

The domain of business is a big one in capitalist economy. In 2020s, employees typically work 8 hours per day, 40 hours per week, additionally they often need to work extended hours as overtime. It occupies the large part of citizens’ life based on the time that it requires. Not only life of citizens, the influence of businesses has large influence in society. Businesses are not totally separated from other societal aspects. Society often requires businesses to comply with certain regulations, and more generally saying the changing environments of societies.

(1) Fukuyama, F., 2006. The end of history and the last man. First Free Press trade paperback edition 2006 ed. New York: Free Press. pp. 83-84.

(2) Fukuyama, F., 2006. The end of history and the last man. First Free Press trade paperback edition 2006 ed. New York: Free Press. p. 159

(3) Foucault, M., 1976. Histoire de la sexualité I: La volonté de savoir. Paris: Gallimard. pp. 35-.

(4) Zittrain, J., 2008. The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p.11.

(5) Zittrain, J., 2008. The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p.11.

(6) Zittrain, J., 2008. The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp.11-12.