By the middle of the 20th century, “logic has become more mathematical and mathematics has become more logical”(1).

Logical analysis can converge things into a certain point where things are settled instead of being ambiguous, or chaotic. Wording is to converge things into certain point. Ambiguously uttering is somewhat limiting but not in narrower way.

This convergence into a point in logic is suitable to business in capitalism where a rapid cycle of decision-making and moving tasks forward is demanded rather than continuing to thinking about a certain decision whether it is truly the best answer or not. Even though business world also requires the meta thinking to make a correct decision, it is necessary to move tasks forward rapidly. The use of logic in business world associated with capitalism is different from works that are expected to last forever, logic converges things, there are things not included at the moment logic determines.

This characteristic of convergence is used to make the future converge in a hopeful way. The word “risk” is often paid attention to especially in late 20th century. It is described that “The notion of ‘risk’ is central to modern culture today precisely because so much of our thinking has to be ‘as-if’ kind”(2). Beforehand, they recognise the risks, they make the ways by which risks are minimised. However knowing the risks may makes people difficult to take action. After recognising them, we would choose whether we take action by accepting the risks or avoid taking action so that we will not face them.

In business world, they require the labourers to be logical. Logical thinking has been one of the capacities which is recognised as necessary for each. That is especially in the first quarter of 21st century onwards required.

Analysing the things that one face and identify what is known and not. To the questions that one cannot “here and now give definitive answers”(3), “a method has been discovered by which, as in science, we can make successive approximations to the truth, in which each new stage results from an improvement, not a rejection, of what has gone before”(4).

Logic is related to accountability. It is often seen that people involved ask its explanation which is convincing enough to be provided behind the proposition that one gave. Argument equipped with logic can convince people in front of oneself. Strong logic can make people not be able to respond.

In business world, answering to a question properly is often demanded. Sometimes see people not clearly answer question is that they have other things in mind and are captured by them.

Sharing the same logic with others leads them to work in the same logic in a certain domain. People of different background may indicate that “two individuals may agree on their computations in particular cases even though they are actually computing different functions”(5).

Temper is a large factor that decides whether it is going to be successful or not. If one is not motivated to move forward tasks in a project, it has to do with the outcome of to what extent successful it is going to be.

Given this nature of logic, does it have extensibility in its nature? The extensibility is whether it is opened to the further sphere. The logic often determines the scope before moving forward.

It is a type of categorisation that people judge others by their title as such that whether one is director or just a staff. Even if those who are in the rank of banality has greater capacity in some cases, one may not be regarded so by others.

Labeling doesn’t comprehend the entire aspects of a person, but it attempts to make easier to categorise. It sometimes goes to the end that it is condemned as prejudice. Labeling is to categorise by one or a few aspect of person, sometimes the impressive aspect of a person. People are frequently labelled some as liberal, conservative, or others. It seems that the labelling focuses on an opinion or the tendency that a person more frequently expresses. Presumably a person who is labelled as liberal also has conservative opinion in other topics given the complexity of human being. Even unconsciously people categorise as it is harder for them to recognise one by one, easier to group by similarity. This labeling has negative aspect too as it may group one which isn’t easy to be categorised in one group or another.

Bias is an exaggerated aspect of an object based on one’s past experience. Categorising and prejudice are related. Some fault images accentuating some aspect excessively create the prejudice.

Persons of logic should know what is not logical.

(1) Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (London and New York: Routledge Classics, 2023), p.184.

(2) Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash, Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press,1994), p.vii.

(3) Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), p.744.

(4) Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), p.744.

(5) Saul A. Kripke, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 1982), p.32.